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The slavery goes back throughout history, and it is possible to be divided in two fundamental phases, old and the modern one. It is known that the sumerios (5.000 years a.C.), were institutionalized the slavery, when in wars took a city although of its same town, as the case of Lagash that enslaved well to those of Ur. But, we are going away to refer to the slavery at the colonial time of America, and in individual to the one of Cuba, in reference to those of the black race coming from Africa.
The native ones of Cuba before the discovery (1492) did not know the slavery like institution, not being the case of other islands of the Caribbean.

At that time of 1492 there were in the Iberian Peninsula about 100.000 slaves, and at the end of the century the discoverers brought some to the Caribbean to make domestic workings, and to give well-taken care of to the horses and other animals that were not known in the new world. In those early times the agricultural works and of mining already did the Indians enslaved. When to Diego Vela'zquez they gave him the mission to colonize to Cuba, when starting off of Santo Domingo (1511) with a small army, can be indicated that it included a few slaves brought to the Spanish from the Iberian Peninsula. As of the second decade of the 8 villas founded by Vela'zquez, the colonos begin to have black slaves, although in small numbers. These first slaves entered Cuba, and the other Spanish possessions by means of concessions (licenses), granted to particular dealers by the crown. When appearing the piracy, the colonos also bought slaves of contraband to the pirates

When being being scarce the indigenous manual labor, the traffic of black slaves went increasing, and when the sugar industry began has to grow, this market reached in Cuba great numbers. In order to have an idea of the magnitude of this cruel expression of the human being, the entrance of the greater number of slaves in Cuba is registered between the years 1801 - 1865, period that arrived at island 616.200. According to a documents of the time, in 1537 there were about 600 distributed African slaves in the different properties, and some in mining workings, like the one of Cobre discovered in 1530, located in East.

When finalizing the concessions to individuals in 1595 (first stage of the slavery), are developed the "seat", in which the crown grants to companies lusa to him by means of an amount of money, the traffic from slave to their Spanish colonies, where they are committed to maintain the demand. In 1656 the crown unites French companies to him to this Dantesque treaty of slaves, and from 1713 the English participate.

Violations of all and even but of the Human rights.

The cruelty with that the slaves were treated is almost impossible to describe it, because it touches the sensitivity of any being who considers human.

The suffering of most of the slaves in relation to the traffic from Africa to America, began from the moment of its capture in its native earth. The dealers did not have mercy when persecuting them, in killing to that they tried to escape, in separating to mothers or parents of their children, to destroy the family, and when they catched them, to the women and men who revealed themselves they were whipped with viciousness. When concentrated going to the catched ones in the coast, the first groups went up to two or three days without foods, and were brutally flagellated those that protested, where some died.

The martyrdom in the passage is inexpressible. several days without proving mouthful, rationed to the maximum went the water, and when some became ill of gravity, they threw it to the sea, others due to the hunger and to the psychological pressure they were sent to waters of the ocean. If the boat were attacked by pirates, without conmiseración they threw them chained to the water to lighten the load, and thus to try to escape. When arriving at its destiny, according to the master who touched to them it continued the calvario. They made them work from the dawn until it grew dark, and to which they protested the whip was the answer. Other this to indicate the violations until of minor on the part of the owners.

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Participation of the African, and its descendants to the independence of Cuba

Ever since the African were brought to Cuba, like in other parts of America, by that spirit of the human being to live in freedom, they began to reveal itself against the opresor yoke.

It is known by documents of the decade of 1520, that several slaves were united to the guerrilla headed by the Guamá cacique in the zone of Baracoa. Other free rises of relative importance in which they participated enslaved, or slaves, went producing to long it of centuries XVII, XVIII, and XIX, where the headed one by Creole Juan (1550), and Jose Antonio Aponte (1812), but is known. These revolts in if they did not have the aim to see free and sovereign Cuba, until the independentistas conspiracies began, in that the participation of the Cubans of the black race were key fundamental so that Cuba arose like Republic.

Between the Cubans that gave their value, its life by the Mother country, stands out in first plane our Bronze Titan, General Lieutenant of the Mambí Army, Antonio Maceo and Grajales; Quintín Flag (they assassinated it after Cuba was free); general Generoso Marqueti Fields (he died in exile fighting to the communist regime), Juan Gualberto Go'mez, between the thousands Mambises of the black race.

Aim of the slavery in Cuba.

In an international congress that took place in Vienna (1815), England presses Spain to finish deals with it slaves, and in 1817 both countries sign a document where they declared to finalize this commerce in the 1820. This signed document was simply pure paper, because since we have seen, from that date to the last loaded boat of slaves (1867), they entered Cuba but of 600,000.

Despite a that the treaty signed by Spain and England was not fulfilled, it was worth something so that in 1842, the representative of the crown in Cuba, the governing commander in chief Gerónimo Valdés, signed a regulation improving the conditions of the slave. This document at first it is come off, the cruelty that the slaves by many masters were put under.

4 July 1870 law approves that was presented/displayed by overseas Minister Segismundo Moret and Prendergast, in which slavery pretended to finish with, but that in if it were a ridicule, immorality, because they were free those that they were born as of that date, and the old ones among that the document specified. To see in one second window the call Law Moret.

The 13 of February of 1880, the cuts supposedly approve the Law of Abolition of the slavery in Cuba, which was sealed by King Alfonso XII. We supposedly say, because to this called law popularly "Patronages", towards which the slavery continued by many years in Cuba. To see in one second window this law of Patronages.

Bond to indicate that for this year of 1880, most of the countries of America they had abolished totally the slavery, and that the conspiracies in Cuba from half-full of the century, the invasions of Narcissus Lopez, the rise of Carlos Manuel de Ce'spedes, among other excellent facts to see free Cuba, exerted strong pressure on the metropolis.

To the death of King Alfonso XII the 26 of November of 1885, her wife occupies the crown Maria Cristina of Hapsburg, since of the union of both the future King of Spain Alfonso XIII was about to to be born. Reina Runs Maria Cristina in 1886 signed a Real Order ending the Patronages, and thus finishing the ignominiosa slavery in Cuba.

 HISTORIA

La esclavitud se remonta a lo largo de la historia, y se puede dividir en dos faces fundamentales, la antigua y la moderna. Se conoce que los sumerios (5,000 años a.C.), habían institucionalizado la esclavitud, cuando en guerras tomaban una ciudad aunque de su mismo pueblo, como el caso de Lagash que esclavizó a los de Ur. Pero bien, nos vamos a referir a la esclavitud en la época colonial de América, y en particular a la de Cuba, en referencia a los de la raza negra procedentes de África.
Los nativos de Cuba antes del descubrimiento (1492) no conocían la esclavitud como institución, no siendo el caso de otras islas del Caribe.

En esa época de 1492 habían en la península ibérica unos 100,000 esclavos, y a finales del siglo los descubridores trajeron algunos al caribe para realizar labores domésticas, y darle cuidado a los caballos y otros animales que eran desconocidos en el nuevo mundo. En esos tempranos tiempos los trabajos agrícolas y de minería lo hacían los indios ya esclavizados. Cuando a Diego Velázquez le dieron la misión de colonizar a Cuba, al partir de Santo Domingo (1511) con un pequeño ejército, se puede señalar que incluyó unos cuantos esclavos traídos a la Española desde la península ibérica. A partir de la segunda década de las 8 villas fundadas por Velázquez, comienzan los colonos a tener esclavos negros, aunque en pequeños números. Estos primeros esclavos entraban en Cuba, y en las otras posesiones españolas por medio de concesiones (licencias), otorgada a traficantes particulares por la corona. Al aparecer la piratería, los colonos también compraban esclavos de contrabando a los piratas

Al ir escaseando la mano de obra indígena, el tráfico de esclavos negros se fue incrementando, y cuando la industria azucarera comenzó ha crecer, este mercado alcanzó en Cuba grandes cifras. Para tener una idea de la magnitud de esta inhumana expresión del ser humano, la entrada del mayor número de esclavos en Cuba se registra entre los años 1801 - 1865, período que llegaron a la isla 616.200. Según a documentos de la época, en 1537 habían unos 600 esclavos africanos repartidos en las diferentes haciendas, y algunos en labores mineras, como la del Cobre descubierta en 1530, ubicada en Oriente.

Al finalizar las concesiones a particulares en 1595 (primera etapa de la esclavitud), se desarrolla el "asiento", en que la corona le otorga a compañías lusa por medio de una cantidad de dinero, el tráfico de esclavo a sus colonias españolas, donde se comprometen a mantener la demanda. En 1656 la corona le unen compañías francesas a este dantesco tratado de esclavos, y desde 1713 participan los ingleses.

Violaciones de todos y aun mas de los Derechos Humanos.

La crueldad con la que eran tratado los esclavos es casi imposible describirla, pues toca la sensibilidad de cualquier ser que se considere humano.

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Participación de los africanos, y sus descendientes a la independencia de Cuba

Desde que los africanos fueron traídos a Cuba, al igual que en otras partes de América, por ese espíritu del ser humano de vivir en libertad, comenzaron a revelarse contra el yugo opresor.

Se conoce por documentos de la década de 1520, que varios esclavos se unieron a la guerrilla encabezada por el cacique Guamá en la zona de Baracoa. Otras alzamientos de relativa importancia en que participaban esclavos, o esclavos libres, se fueron produciendo a lo largo de los siglos XVII, XVIII, y XIX, donde los encabezado por Juan Criollo (1550), y José Antonio Aponte (1812), son los mas conocido. Estas revueltas en si no tenían el fin de ver a Cuba libre y soberana, hasta que comenzaron las conspiraciones independentistas, en que la participación de los cubanos de la raza negra fueron clave fundamental para que Cuba surgiera como República.

Entre los cubanos que dieron su valor, su vida por la Patria, se destaca en primer plano nuestro Titán de Bronce, Lugarteniente General del Ejército Mambí, Antonio Maceo y Grajales; Quintín Bandera (lo asesinaron después que Cuba fue libre); el general Generoso Campos Marqueti (murió en el exilio combatiendo al régimen comunista), Juan Gualberto Gómez, entre los miles Mambises de la raza negra.

Fin de la esclavitud en Cuba.

En un congreso internacional que se efectuaba en Viena (1815), Inglaterra presiona a España para terminar la trata de esclavos, y en 1817 los dos países firman un documento donde manifestaban finalizar dicho comercio en el 1820. Este documento firmado fue simplemente puro papel, pues como hemos visto, desde esa fecha hasta el último barco cargado de esclavos (1867), entraron en cuba mas de 600,000.

No obstante a que el tratado firmado por España e Inglaterra no se cumplió, valió algo para que en 1842, el representante de la corona en Cuba, el gobernador capitán general Gerónimo Valdés, firmara un reglamento mejorando las condiciones del esclavo. De este documento se desprende a simple vista, la crueldad a que eran sometidos los esclavos por muchos amos.

El 4 julio 1870 se aprueba una ley que fue presentada por el Ministro de Ultramar Segismundo Moret y Prendergast, en la cual se aparentaba terminar con la esclavitud, pero que en si era una burla, una inmoralidad, pues eran libres los que nacieran a partir de esa fecha, y los ancianos entre otros que el documento especificaba. Ver en una segunda ventana la llamada Ley Moret.

El 13 de febrero de 1880, las cortes aprueban supuestamente la Ley de Abolición de la esclavitud en Cuba, la cual fue rubricada por el Rey Alfonso XII. Decimos supuestamente, pues esta ley llamada popularmente "Patronatos", hacia que la esclavitud continuara por muchos años en Cuba. Ver en una segunda ventana esta ley de Patronatos.

Vale señalar que para este año de 1880, la mayoría de los países de América habían abolido totalmente la esclavitud, y que las conspiraciones en Cuba desde mediados del siglo, las invasiones de Narciso López, el alzamiento de Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, entre otros hechos relevantes para ver a Cuba libre, ejercían fuerte presión sobre la metrópoli.

A la muerte del Rey Alfonso XII el 26 de noviembre de 1885, ocupa la corona su esposa María Cristina de Habsburgo, ya que de la unión de ambos el futuro Rey de España Alfonso XIII estaba por nacer. La Reina Regente María Cristina en 1886 firmó una Orden Real poniendo fin a los Patronatos, y así terminando la ignominiosa esclavitud en Cuba.